Nationalism in India
First World War economic impacts, Satyagraha philosophy (Champaran 1917, Kheda 1918, Ahmedabad 1918), Rowlatt Act (1919), Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April 13, 1919), Khilafat & Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922, Chauri Chaura), Differing Strands within the Movement (towns, countryside: Baba Ramchandra, tribal forests: Alluri Sitaram Raju, Assam tea plantations), Simon Commission (1928), Lahore Congress & Purna Swaraj (1929), Salt March & Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1934), Gandhi-Irwin Pact, and the limits of Civil Disobedience (Dalits: Poona Pact 1932, Muslim alienation).
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The Making of a Global World
Silk Routes connecting the pre-modern world, Food Travels (Spaghetti and Potato), Conquest, Disease and Trade (Smallpox as biological weapon in Americas), The 19th Century (1815–1914) Global Economy (Corn Laws abolition, technology in transport: refrigerated ships), Indentured Labour Migration from India (Fiji, Caribbean, Mauritius), Late 19th Century Imperialism (Scramble for Africa 1885), Rinderpest Cattle Plague in Africa, Inter-War Economy (First World War shocks, Mass Production: Henry Ford, Great Depression 1929), and Post-War Settlement (Bretton Woods Institutions: IMF & World Bank, Decolonisation and G-77).
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The Age of Industrialisation
Proto-industrialisation in rural Europe, Hand labour vs Steam power in Victorian Britain, Life of the industrial working class, Industrialisation in the colonies (Indian textile dominance: Surat, Masulipatnam, Hoogly; rise of colonial ports: Bombay, Calcutta), British East India Company and the plight of Indian weavers (Gomasthas), Early Indian entrepreneurs (Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata, Seth Hukumchand), Peculiarities of industrial growth in India, and Market creation through advertisements (God images, calendar calendars, Manchester labels).
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Print Culture and the Modern World
Origins of print in China (woodblock accordion books), Japan (Diamond Sutra 868 AD), Korea, Marco Polo
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Resources and Development
Classification of resources (origin, exhaustibility, ownership, status of development), Sustainable development, Rio Earth Summit 1992 & Agenda 21, Resource planning in India, Land utilization & degradation, and Soil profiles of India (Alluvial, Black/Regur, Red & Yellow, Laterite, Arid, Forest soils).
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Forest and Wildlife Resources
Flora and Fauna in India, IUCN classification of species (Normal, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Endemic, Extinct), Causes of biodiversity depletion, Conservation strategies (Project Tiger 1973, Wildlife Protection Act 1972), Forest classification (Reserved, Protected, Unclassed), and Community conservation movements (Chipko, Beej Bachao Andolan, Joint Forest Management - JFM).
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Minerals and Energy Resources
Modes of occurrence of minerals (igneous/metamorphic veins, sedimentary beds, residual weathering, placer alluvial deposits, ocean water), Ferrous minerals (Iron ore belts: Magnetite & Hematite, Manganese), Non-ferrous minerals (Copper, Bauxite), Non-metallic minerals (Mica, Limestone), Conservation of minerals, Conventional energy (Coal: Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, Peat; Petroleum: Mumbai High, Gujarat, Assam Digboi; Natural gas), and Non-Conventional energy (Nuclear, Solar, Wind, Biogas, Tidal, Geo-Thermal).
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Manufacturing Industries
Importance of manufacturing (backbone of development), Agglomeration economies, Industrial location factors, Classification of industries (Agro-based vs Mineral-based, Heavy vs Light, Ownership: Public, Private, Joint, Cooperative), Agro-based: Cotton textile, Jute textile (Hugli river basin), Sugar industry (shift to South/West); Mineral-based: Iron and Steel industry (Chhota Nagpur plateau), Aluminium smelting, Chemical, Fertilizer, Cement, Automobile, Information Technology (IT & Electronics - Bengaluru capital), Industrial pollution (Air, Water, Thermal, Noise), and NTPC Environmental Management System (EMS).
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Lifelines of National Economy
Means of transportation (Roadways, Railways, Pipelines, Waterways, Airways), Roadway hierarchy (Golden Quadrilateral, National Highways, State Highways, District, PMGSY Rural Roads, Border Roads - BRO), Indian Railways network & challenges, Gas pipelines (HVJ pipeline), National Waterways (NW-1, NW-2, NW-3), Major Indian Seaports (Kandla, Mumbai, JNPT, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata/Haldia), Communication networks (Postal network, Telecom - STD/ISD, Mass media), International Trade & Balance of Trade, and Tourism as a trade.
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Power Sharing
Ethnic composition of Belgium and Sri Lanka, Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka (1956 Act, civil war), Accommodation model in Belgium (Community government, Brussels parity), Why power sharing is desirable (Prudential vs Moral reasons), and Forms of power sharing (Horizontal, Vertical, Social Groups, Political Parties/Coalitions).
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Gender, Religion and Caste
Gender division and patriarchal society, Feminist movements, Sexual division of labour, Women
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Political Parties
Definition of a political party & 3 components (leaders, active members, followers), 7 core functions of political parties, Necessity of political parties in representative democracy, Party systems (One-party, Two-party, Multi-party with coalition alliances), Criteria for Recognition as National and State/Regional Parties (Election Commission of India), Major National Parties of India (BJP, INC, AAP, BSP, CPI-M, NPP), Challenges facing political parties (lack of internal democracy, dynastic succession, money and muscle power, lack of meaningful choices), and Institutional reforms (Anti-Defection Law, ECI affidavits, organizational elections).
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Development
What development promises: Different people have different developmental goals, Conflicting goals (industrialist dam vs tribal displacement), Income and other goals (equality, freedom, security, respect), National development criteria, Comparing countries: World Bank Per Capita Income vs UNDP Human Development Index (HDI - Life Expectancy, Education Index, Per Capita Income), Inter-state comparisons (Kerala, Haryana, Bihar: Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy, Net Attendance), and Sustainability of Development (Groundwater crisis, Crude oil reserves).
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Sectors of the Indian Economy
Classification of economic activities: Primary (Agriculture, forestry, mining), Secondary (Manufacturing, construction), Tertiary (Services, trade, transport, IT); Historical transition of sectors; Rising importance of the Tertiary Sector in India (basic services, agricultural linkages, rising income levels, ICT boom); Employment vs GDP mismatch (Disguised unemployment in agriculture); How to create more employment (rural credit, infrastructure, tourism, MGNREGA 2005); Organised vs Unorganised sectors; Public vs Private sectors.
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Money and Credit
Money as a medium of exchange, Barter system & Double Coincidence of Wants, Modern forms of money (Currency notes/coins, Demand deposits, Cheques), Credit mediation by commercial banks, Two different credit situations (Salim festival shoes profit vs Swapna groundnut debt-trap), Terms of Credit (Interest rate, Collateral, Documentation, Mode of repayment), Formal Sector Loans (Commercial Banks, Cooperatives - RBI supervision) vs Informal Sector Loans (Moneylenders, traders, employers - high exploitative interest), and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for the poor.
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Globalisation and the Indian Economy
Production across countries by Multinational Corporations (MNCs), How MNCs interlink production across nations (Foreign Direct Investment - FDI, Joint ventures, Buying local companies: Cargill Foods acquiring Parakh Foods, Contracting small producers), Foreign trade and integration of markets, Globalisation definition, Factors enabling globalisation (Container transport, ICT - Internet, Telecom, Satellites; Trade & Investment Liberalisation 1991 - removal of trade barriers, SEZs), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Impact of globalisation in India (Advantage to consumers and skilled professionals; Crisis for small-scale manufacturers), and The Struggle for a Fair Globalisation.
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Consumer Rights
Consumer exploitation in marketplace, Origins of consumer movement (1960s unrest, Ralph Nader, Consumer Protection Act - COPRA 1986 & COPRA 2019), Six Consumer Rights (Right to Safety, Right to be Informed, Right to Choose, Right to be Heard, Right to Seek Redressal, Right to Consumer Education), Three-Tier Quasi-Judicial Consumer Redressal Machinery (District Forum, State Commission, National Commission), Standardization Certification Marks (ISI, AGMARK, Hallmark, FPO), and Duties of an empowered conscious consumer.
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