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Agriculture & Rural India15 Concepts & Facts

Minimum Support Price & CACP GK Questions & Answers

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The Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanism constitutes the primary price stabilization instrument in Indian agriculture, announced by the Central Government prior to the sowing season to safeguard farmers against market crashes and ensure national food security. The institutional apparatus originated in January 1965 with the formation of the Agricultural Prices Commission, established on the recommendations of the Foodgrains Prices Committee chaired by L.K. Jha. In 1985, the body was renamed the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). Operating as an attached advisory office under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, CACP submits annual price policy reports for Kharif, Rabi, and commercial crops based on detailed cost of cultivation data.

MSP covers 22 mandated crops: 14 Kharif crops (including paddy, jowar, bajra, maize, and cotton), 6 Rabi crops (wheat, barley, gram, masur, rapeseed/mustard, and safflower), and 2 commercial crops (jute and copra). For sugarcane, statutory pricing is announced as the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) under the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966, issued under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. CACP evaluates costs through three standard formulas: Cost A2 (direct paid-out expenses for inputs, fuel, and hired labor); Cost A2+FL (Cost A2 plus imputed value of unpaid family labor); and Cost C2 (comprehensive cost, including A2+FL plus imputed rent on owned land and interest on capital). In Union Budget 2018–19, the government benchmarked MSP at 50 percent over Cost A2+FL.

CACP recommendations are advisory; final pricing determinations rest with the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by the Prime Minister. Physical procurement at MSP is conducted by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and state agencies via Open-Ended Procurement and the Decentralized Procurement (DCP) scheme established in 1997–98. Agrarian reform debates cite the National Commission on Farmers (2004–2006) chaired by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, which recommended setting MSP at 50 percent above comprehensive Cost C2 (C2 + 50%). Price stabilization is supported by the PM-AASHA umbrella scheme. In UPSC CSE and SSC CGL examinations, questions consistently assess CACP advisory roles, CCEA authority, A2 versus A2+FL versus C2 calculations, MSP coverage versus sugarcane FRP, and Swaminathan Commission benchmarks.

Key Concepts & Self-Assessment15 Key Facts

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#1
The Agricultural Prices Commission was instituted in January 1965 based on recommendations of the Foodgrains Prices Committee chaired by L. K. Jha.
#2
In 1985, the Agricultural Prices Commission was officially re-designated as the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
#3
The CACP functions as an attached statutory advisory agency under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
#4
The CACP recommends MSP for 22 mandated crops: 14 Kharif season crops, 6 Rabi season crops, and 2 commercial crops (jute and copra).
#5
For sugarcane, the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) is determined under the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966, instead of a standard Minimum Support Price.
#6
In addition to the 22 mandated crops, MSP for de-husked coconut is fixed based on the MSP of copra.
#7
Cost A2 covers all paid-out expenses incurred by the farmer on seeds, fertilizers, chemical pesticides, hired labor, diesel, machinery fuel, and leased land rent.
#8
Cost A2+FL encompasses Cost A2 plus the imputed economic value of unpaid family labor engaged in farm cultivation activities.
#9
Cost C2 (Comprehensive Cost) represents total economic cost, including Cost A2+FL plus the imputed rental value of owned land and interest on fixed capital assets.
#10
The National Commission on Farmers (2004–2006), headed by Professor M. S. Swaminathan, recommended setting MSP at a minimum of 50% above the comprehensive cost C2.
#11
In the Union Budget 2018–19, the Government announced the policy benchmark of fixing MSP at a minimum of 1.5 times (50% margin) the Cost A2+FL.
#12
The final decision on fixing the MSP for each agricultural crop is undertaken by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by the Prime Minister.
#13
The Food Corporation of India (FCI), established under the Food Corporations Act, 1964, acts as the nodal agency for procurement of food grains at MSP.
#14
The National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) acts as the central nodal agency for procurement of oilseeds and pulses under MSP operations.
#15
Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanraksan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA), launched in 2018, integrates the Price Support Scheme (PSS), Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS), and pilot Private Procurement and Stockist Scheme (PPSS).

Subject Specialist Commentary

Analytical perspective & practical exam advice from the Master10 academic board

Educator's Insight
The Minimum Support Price serves as a public safety net ensuring farmers do not suffer catastrophic losses during bumper harvest gluts. Originally conceived in 1965 on the advice of the L.K. Jha Committee, price recommendations are prepared by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices before every sowing season. The system covers twenty-two mandated crops across foodgrains, pulses, and oilseeds, with procurement handled by government agencies like the Food Corporation of India and NAFED.
For UPSC and State PSC exams, always distinguish between the recommending body and the approving authority. CACP only recommends prices, whereas the Prime Minister-headed Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs takes the final decision. A frequent exam trap confuses cost metrics: the central formula guarantees fifty percent returns over Cost A2+FL (paid costs plus family labour), whereas the National Commission on Farmers led by M. S. Swaminathan advocated fifty percent above the broader comprehensive Cost C2.

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